resnet-50介绍（一）

这篇文章讲解的是使用Tensorflow实现残差网络resnet-50. 侧重点不在于理论部分，而是在于代码实现部分。在github上面已经有其他的开源实现，如果希望直接使用代码运行自己的数据，不建议使用本人的代码。但是如果希望学习resnet的代码实现思路，那么阅读本文将是一个不错的选择，因为本文的代码的思路是很清晰的。如果你刚刚阅读完resnet的那篇论文，非常建议你进一步学习如何使用代码实现resnet。本文包含源码的数据集。

resnet只是在CNN上面增加了shortcut，所以，resnet和CNN是很相似的。

##1. model
下面将要实现的是resnet-50。下面是网络模型的整体模型图。其中的CONV表示卷积层，Batch Norm表示Batch 归一化层，ID BLOCK表示Identity块，由多个层构成，具体见第二个图。Conv BLOCK表示卷积块，由多个层构成。为了使得model个结构更加清晰，才提取出了conv block 和id block两个‘块’，分别把它们封装成函数。

如果不了解batch norm，可以暂时滤过这部分的内容，可以把它看作是一个特殊的层，它不会改变数据的维度。这将不影响对resnet实现的理解。

具体见第三个图。
这里写图片描述
上图表示Resnet-50的整体结构图

这里写图片描述
上图表示ID block

这里写图片描述
上图表示conv block

##2. 数据
这里写图片描述

输入的是类似上图所示的手势图片数据，总共有6个类。所给的数据已经加工过，是‘.h5’格式的数据。有1080张图片，120张测试数据。每一张图片是一个64x64的RGB图片。具体的数据格式为：

number of training examples = 1080
number of test examples = 120
X_train shape: (1080, 64, 64, 3)
Y_train shape: (1080, 6)
X_test shape: (120, 64, 64, 3)
Y_test shape: (120, 6)
x train max,  0.956; x train min,  0.015
x test max,  0.94; x test min,  0.011

3. 目标

训练一个模型，使之能够判别图片中的手指所代表的数字。实质上这个是属于多分类问题。所以，模型的输入是一个64x64x3的图片；模型的输出层为6个节点，每一个节点表示一种分类。

4. 模型实现

identity block的实现，对于上图2。需要注意的是，X_shortcut一开始就保存了所传入的数据，然后在函数的末尾部分再加上X_shortcut。除了这一点，其他点跟CNN是一样的。

    def identity_block(self, X_input, kernel_size, in_filter, out_filters, stage, block, training):"""Implementation of the identity block as defined in Figure 3Arguments:X -- input tensor of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)kernel_size -- integer, specifying the shape of the middle CONV's window for the main pathfilters -- python list of integers, defining the number of filters in the CONV layers of the main pathstage -- integer, used to name the layers, depending on their position in the networkblock -- string/character, used to name the layers, depending on their position in the networktraining -- train or testReturns:X -- output of the identity block, tensor of shape (n_H, n_W, n_C)"""# defining name basisblock_name = 'res' + str(stage) + blockf1, f2, f3 = out_filterswith tf.variable_scope(block_name):X_shortcut = X_input#firstW_conv1 = self.weight_variable([1, 1, in_filter, f1])X = tf.nn.conv2d(X_input, W_conv1, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')X = tf.layers.batch_normalization(X, axis=3, training=training)X = tf.nn.relu(X)#secondW_conv2 = self.weight_variable([kernel_size, kernel_size, f1, f2])X = tf.nn.conv2d(X, W_conv2, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')X = tf.layers.batch_normalization(X, axis=3, training=training)X = tf.nn.relu(X)#thirdW_conv3 = self.weight_variable([1, 1, f2, f3])X = tf.nn.conv2d(X, W_conv3, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='VALID')X = tf.layers.batch_normalization(X, axis=3, training=training)#final stepadd = tf.add(X, X_shortcut)add_result = tf.nn.relu(add)return add_result

下面是conv block，对应于上面图片3.

    def convolutional_block(self, X_input, kernel_size, in_filter,out_filters, stage, block, training, stride=2):"""Implementation of the convolutional block as defined in Figure 4Arguments:X -- input tensor of shape (m, n_H_prev, n_W_prev, n_C_prev)kernel_size -- integer, specifying the shape of the middle CONV's window for the main pathfilters -- python list of integers, defining the number of filters in the CONV layers of the main pathstage -- integer, used to name the layers, depending on their position in the networkblock -- string/character, used to name the layers, depending on their position in the networktraining -- train or teststride -- Integer, specifying the stride to be usedReturns:X -- output of the convolutional block, tensor of shape (n_H, n_W, n_C)"""# defining name basisblock_name = 'res' + str(stage) + blockwith tf.variable_scope(block_name):f1, f2, f3 = out_filtersx_shortcut = X_input#firstW_conv1 = self.weight_variable([1, 1, in_filter, f1])X = tf.nn.conv2d(X_input, W_conv1,strides=[1, stride, stride, 1],padding='VALID')X = tf.layers.batch_normalization(X, axis=3, training=training)X = tf.nn.relu(X)#secondW_conv2 = self.weight_variable([kernel_size, kernel_size, f1, f2])X = tf.nn.conv2d(X, W_conv2, strides=[1,1,1,1], padding='SAME')X = tf.layers.batch_normalization(X, axis=3, training=training)X = tf.nn.relu(X)#thirdW_conv3 = self.weight_variable([1,1, f2,f3])X = tf.nn.conv2d(X, W_conv3, strides=[1, 1, 1,1], padding='VALID')X = tf.layers.batch_normalization(X, axis=3, training=training)#shortcut pathW_shortcut = self.weight_variable([1, 1, in_filter, f3])x_shortcut = tf.nn.conv2d(x_shortcut, W_shortcut, strides=[1, stride, stride, 1], padding='VALID')#finaladd = tf.add(x_shortcut, X)add_result = tf.nn.relu(add)return add_result

下面是模型的整合，对应于上图1。

    def deepnn(self, x_input, classes=6):"""Implementation of the popular ResNet50 the following architecture:CONV2D -> BATCHNORM -> RELU -> MAXPOOL -> CONVBLOCK -> IDBLOCK*2 -> CONVBLOCK -> IDBLOCK*3-> CONVBLOCK -> IDBLOCK*5 -> CONVBLOCK -> IDBLOCK*2 -> AVGPOOL -> TOPLAYERArguments:Returns:"""x = tf.pad(x_input, tf.constant([[0, 0], [3, 3, ], [3, 3], [0, 0]]), "CONSTANT")with tf.variable_scope('reference') :training = tf.placeholder(tf.bool, name='training')#stage 1w_conv1 = self.weight_variable([7, 7, 3, 64])x = tf.nn.conv2d(x, w_conv1, strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding='VALID')x = tf.layers.batch_normalization(x, axis=3, training=training)x = tf.nn.relu(x)x = tf.nn.max_pool(x, ksize=[1, 3, 3, 1],strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding='VALID')assert (x.get_shape() == (x.get_shape()[0], 15, 15, 64))#stage 2x = self.convolutional_block(x, 3, 64, [64, 64, 256], 2, 'a', training, stride=1)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 256, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='b', training=training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 256, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='c', training=training)#stage 3x = self.convolutional_block(x, 3, 256, [128,128,512], 3, 'a', training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 512, [128,128,512], 3, 'b', training=training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 512, [128,128,512], 3, 'c', training=training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 512, [128,128,512], 3, 'd', training=training)#stage 4x = self.convolutional_block(x, 3, 512, [256, 256, 1024], 4, 'a', training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 1024, [256, 256, 1024], 4, 'b', training=training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 1024, [256, 256, 1024], 4, 'c', training=training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 1024, [256, 256, 1024], 4, 'd', training=training)x = self.identity_block (x, 3, 1024, [256, 256, 1024], 4, 'e', training=training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 1024, [256, 256, 1024], 4, 'f', training=training)#stage 5x = self.convolutional_block(x, 3, 1024, [512, 512, 2048], 5, 'a', training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 2048, [512, 512, 2048], 5, 'b', training=training)x = self.identity_block(x, 3, 2048, [512, 512, 2048], 5, 'c', training=training)x = tf.nn.avg_pool(x, [1, 2, 2, 1], strides=[1,1,1,1], padding='VALID')flatten = tf.layers.flatten(x)x = tf.layers.dense(flatten, units=50, activation=tf.nn.relu)# Dropout - controls the complexity of the model, prevents co-adaptation of# features.with tf.name_scope('dropout'):keep_prob = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)x = tf.nn.dropout(x, keep_prob)logits = tf.layers.dense(x, units=6, activation=tf.nn.softmax)return logits, keep_prob, training

5. 代价函数

使用交叉熵来计算损失函数和代价函数。这里没有使用L2正则化。

    def cost(self, logits, labels):with tf.name_scope('loss'):# cross_entropy = tf.losses.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy(labels=y_, logits=y_conv)cross_entropy = tf.losses.softmax_cross_entropy(onehot_labels=labels, logits=logits)cross_entropy_cost = tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)return cross_entropy_cost

在训练模型的时候，应该控制迭代的次数，以避免过度的过拟合。刚开始的时候，所打印出来的cost值会上下浮动，这个是正常的（一开始本人以为是模型有问题，后来才知道这是正常的）耐心等待便好。训练的模型将保存在硬盘中，在预测的时候可直接读取这些数据。

    def train(self, X_train, Y_train):features = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 64, 64, 3])labels = tf.placeholder(tf.int64, [None, 6])logits, keep_prob, train_mode = self.deepnn(features)cross_entropy = self.cost(logits, labels)with tf.name_scope('adam_optimizer'):update_ops = tf.get_collection(tf.GraphKeys.UPDATE_OPS)with tf.control_dependencies(update_ops):train_step = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(1e-4).minimize(cross_entropy)graph_location = tempfile.mkdtemp()print('Saving graph to: %s' % graph_location)train_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(graph_location)train_writer.add_graph(tf.get_default_graph())mini_batches = random_mini_batches(X_train, Y_train, mini_batch_size=32, seed=None)saver = tf.train.Saver()with tf.Session() as sess:sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())for i in range(1000):X_mini_batch, Y_mini_batch = mini_batches[np.random.randint(0, len(mini_batches))]train_step.run(feed_dict={features: X_mini_batch, labels: Y_mini_batch, keep_prob: 0.5, train_mode: True})if i % 20 == 0:train_cost = sess.run(cross_entropy, feed_dict={features: X_mini_batch,labels: Y_mini_batch, keep_prob: 1.0, train_mode: False})print('step %d, training cost %g' % (i, train_cost))saver.save(sess, self.model_save_path)

模型预测。先初始化graph，然后读取硬盘中模型参数数据。

    def evaluate(self, test_features, test_labels, name='test '):tf.reset_default_graph()x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 64, 64, 3])y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.int64, [None, 6])logits, keep_prob, train_mode = self.deepnn(x)accuracy = self.accuracy(logits, y_)saver = tf.train.Saver()with tf.Session() as sess:saver.restore(sess, self.model_save_path)accu = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: test_features, y_: test_labels,keep_prob: 1.0, train_mode: False})print('%s accuracy %g' % (name, accu))

这个本人测试的结果