GTK+入门教程(一)
1. 显示一个窗口
#include <gtk/gtk.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_widget_show(window);g_signal_connect(window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);gtk_main();return 0;}
这个最基本的框架,语句含义如下:
//生成一个样式为GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL的窗口
gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);//显示生成的这个窗口
gtk_widget_show(window);//将窗口的destroy消息绑定处理函数gtk_main_quit
g_signal_connect(window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);// 进入消息循环。
gtk_main();
2. 窗口和图标
注意:与Windows不一样,GTK+的图标不需要单独的ICO文件;下面代码就是使用普通的png文件生成的图标。
#include <gtk/gtk.h>GdkPixbuf *create_pixbuf(const gchar * filename)
{GdkPixbuf *pixbuf;GError *error = NULL;pixbuf = gdk_pixbuf_new_from_file(filename, &error);if (!pixbuf){fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", error->message);g_error_free(error);}return pixbuf;
}int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window; GdkPixbuf *icon;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Icon");gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 230, 150);gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);icon = create_pixbuf("demo.png");gtk_window_set_icon(GTK_WINDOW(window), icon);gtk_widget_show(window);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_object_unref(icon);gtk_main();return 0;}
gtk_window_set_title,gtk_window_set_default_size,gtk_window_set_position 分别设置窗口的标题,窗口的初始长度和宽度,以及初始位置。gtk_window_set_icon设置程序的图标。
3. tooltip(提示信息)和ATL快捷操作
#include <gtk/gtk.h>void print_msg(GtkWidget *widget, gpointer window) {g_printf("Button clicked\n");
}int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window; GtkWidget *button; GtkWidget *halign;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Mnemonic");gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 200);gtk_container_set_border_width(GTK_CONTAINER(window), 15);//button = gtk_button_new_with_label("Button");button =gtk_button_new_with_mnemonic("_Button");gtk_widget_set_tooltip_text(button, "Button widget");g_signal_connect(button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(print_msg), NULL);halign = gtk_alignment_new(0, 0, 0, 0);gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(halign), button);gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), halign);gtk_widget_show_all(window);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);gtk_main();return 0;}
采用gtk_button_new_with_label生成的button不会响应ATL键,也不会将“_”解释为添加下划线。要实现下划线和响应ATL的功能,需要使用gtk_button_new_with_mnemonic函数。函数gtk_widget_set_tooltip_text添加tooltip。
g_signal_connect(button, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(print_msg), NULL);给控件button添加了处理消息"clicked"的回调函数print_msg。
gtk_alignment_new 和gtk_container_add设置layout布局的函数,下一节会详细介绍。
4. 菜单操作
4.1 添加1个菜单
#include <gtk/gtk.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window;GtkWidget *vbox;GtkWidget *menubar;GtkWidget *fileMenu;GtkWidget *fileMi;GtkWidget *quitMi;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 200);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Simple menu");vbox = gtk_vbox_new(FALSE, 0);gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), vbox);menubar = gtk_menu_bar_new();fileMenu = gtk_menu_new();fileMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("File");quitMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Quit");gtk_menu_item_set_submenu(GTK_MENU_ITEM(fileMi), fileMenu);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(fileMenu), quitMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(menubar), fileMi);gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(vbox), menubar, FALSE, FALSE, 0);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(quitMi), "activate", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);gtk_widget_show_all(window);gtk_main();return 0;}
4.2 使用子菜单
#include <gtk/gtk.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window; GtkWidget *vbox;GtkWidget *menubar;GtkWidget *fileMenu;GtkWidget *imprMenu;GtkWidget *sep;GtkWidget *fileMi;GtkWidget *imprMi;GtkWidget *feedMi;GtkWidget *bookMi;GtkWidget *mailMi;GtkWidget *quitMi;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 200);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Submenu");vbox = gtk_vbox_new(FALSE, 0);gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), vbox);menubar = gtk_menu_bar_new();fileMenu = gtk_menu_new();fileMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("File");imprMenu = gtk_menu_new();imprMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Import");feedMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Import news feed...");bookMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Import bookmarks...");mailMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Import mail...");gtk_menu_item_set_submenu(GTK_MENU_ITEM(imprMi), imprMenu);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(imprMenu), feedMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(imprMenu), bookMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(imprMenu), mailMi);sep = gtk_separator_menu_item_new();quitMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Quit");gtk_menu_item_set_submenu(GTK_MENU_ITEM(fileMi), fileMenu);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(fileMenu), imprMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(fileMenu), sep);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(fileMenu), quitMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(menubar), fileMi);gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(vbox), menubar, FALSE, FALSE, 0);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(quitMi), "activate", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);gtk_widget_show_all(window);gtk_main();return 0;}
4.3 弹出式菜单
#include <gtk/gtk.h>int show_popup(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEvent *event)
{const gint RIGHT_CLICK = 3;if (event->type == GDK_BUTTON_PRESS){GdkEventButton *bevent = (GdkEventButton *) event;if (bevent->button == RIGHT_CLICK){gtk_menu_popup(GTK_MENU(widget), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, bevent->button, bevent->time);}return TRUE;}return FALSE;
}int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window;GtkWidget *ebox;GtkWidget *pmenu;GtkWidget *hideMi;GtkWidget *quitMi;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 200);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Popup menu");ebox = gtk_event_box_new();gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), ebox);pmenu = gtk_menu_new();hideMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Minimize");gtk_widget_show(hideMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(pmenu), hideMi);quitMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Quit");gtk_widget_show(quitMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(pmenu), quitMi);g_signal_connect_swapped(G_OBJECT(hideMi), "activate", G_CALLBACK(gtk_window_iconify), GTK_WINDOW(window));g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(quitMi), "activate", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_signal_connect_swapped(G_OBJECT(ebox), "button-press-event", G_CALLBACK(show_popup), pmenu);gtk_widget_show_all(window);gtk_main();return 0;
}
4.4 图像菜单和快捷键
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <gdk/gdkkeysyms.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window;GtkWidget *vbox;GtkWidget *menubar;GtkWidget *fileMenu;GtkWidget *fileMi;GtkWidget *newMi;GtkWidget *openMi;GtkWidget *quitMi;GtkWidget *sep;GtkAccelGroup *accel_group = NULL;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 200);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Images");vbox = gtk_vbox_new(FALSE, 0);gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), vbox);menubar = gtk_menu_bar_new();fileMenu = gtk_menu_new();accel_group = gtk_accel_group_new();gtk_window_add_accel_group(GTK_WINDOW(window), accel_group);fileMi = gtk_menu_item_new_with_mnemonic("_File");newMi = gtk_image_menu_item_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_NEW, NULL);openMi = gtk_image_menu_item_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_OPEN, NULL);sep = gtk_separator_menu_item_new();quitMi = gtk_image_menu_item_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_QUIT, accel_group);gtk_widget_add_accelerator(quitMi, "activate", accel_group, GDK_q, GDK_CONTROL_MASK, GTK_ACCEL_VISIBLE);gtk_menu_item_set_submenu(GTK_MENU_ITEM(fileMi), fileMenu);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(fileMenu), newMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(fileMenu), openMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(fileMenu), sep);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(fileMenu), quitMi);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(menubar), fileMi);gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(vbox), menubar, FALSE, FALSE, 0);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(quitMi), "activate", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);gtk_widget_show_all(window);gtk_main();return 0;
}
4.5 使用工具条
#include <gtk/gtk.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window;GtkWidget *vbox;GtkWidget *toolbar;GtkToolItem *newTb;GtkToolItem *openTb;GtkToolItem *saveTb;GtkToolItem *sep;GtkToolItem *exitTb;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 200);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "toolbar");vbox = gtk_vbox_new(FALSE, 0);gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), vbox);toolbar = gtk_toolbar_new();gtk_toolbar_set_style(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), GTK_TOOLBAR_ICONS);newTb = gtk_tool_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_NEW);gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), newTb, -1);openTb = gtk_tool_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_OPEN);gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), openTb, -1);saveTb = gtk_tool_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_SAVE);gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), saveTb, -1);sep = gtk_separator_tool_item_new();gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), sep, -1);exitTb = gtk_tool_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_QUIT);gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), exitTb, -1);gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(vbox), toolbar, FALSE, FALSE, 5);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(exitTb), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);gtk_widget_show_all(window);gtk_main();return 0;
}
4.6 复选框样式菜单和状态条
#include <gtk/gtk.h>void toggle_statusbar(GtkWidget *widget, gpointer statusbar)
{if (gtk_check_menu_item_get_active(GTK_CHECK_MENU_ITEM(widget))){gtk_widget_show(statusbar);}else{gtk_widget_hide(statusbar);}
}int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window;GtkWidget *vbox;GtkWidget *menubar;GtkWidget *viewmenu;GtkWidget *view;GtkWidget *tog_stat;GtkWidget *statusbar;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 200);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "GtkCheckMenuItem");vbox = gtk_vbox_new(FALSE, 0);gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), vbox);menubar = gtk_menu_bar_new();viewmenu = gtk_menu_new();view = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("View");tog_stat = gtk_check_menu_item_new_with_label("View statusbar");gtk_check_menu_item_set_active(GTK_CHECK_MENU_ITEM(tog_stat), TRUE);gtk_menu_item_set_submenu(GTK_MENU_ITEM(view), viewmenu);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(viewmenu), tog_stat);gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(menubar), view);gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(vbox), menubar, FALSE, FALSE, 0);statusbar = gtk_statusbar_new();gtk_box_pack_end(GTK_BOX(vbox), statusbar, FALSE, TRUE, 0);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(tog_stat), "activate", G_CALLBACK(toggle_statusbar), statusbar);gtk_widget_show_all(window);gtk_main();return 0;
}
4.7 简单的重复和撤销操作
#include <gtk/gtk.h>void undo_redo(GtkWidget *widget, gpointer item)
{static gint count = 2;const gchar *name = gtk_widget_get_name(widget);if (g_strcmp0(name, "undo") ){count++;}else{count--;}if (count < 0){gtk_widget_set_sensitive(widget, FALSE);gtk_widget_set_sensitive(item, TRUE);}if (count > 5){gtk_widget_set_sensitive(widget, FALSE);gtk_widget_set_sensitive(item, TRUE);}
}int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{GtkWidget *window;GtkWidget *vbox;GtkWidget *toolbar;GtkToolItem *undo;GtkToolItem *redo;GtkToolItem *sep;GtkToolItem *exit;gtk_init(&argc, &argv);window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 200);gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Undo redo");vbox = gtk_vbox_new(FALSE, 0);gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), vbox);toolbar = gtk_toolbar_new();gtk_toolbar_set_style(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), GTK_TOOLBAR_ICONS);gtk_container_set_border_width(GTK_CONTAINER(toolbar), 2);undo = gtk_tool_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_UNDO);gtk_widget_set_name(GTK_WIDGET(undo), "undo");gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), undo, -1);redo = gtk_tool_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_REDO);gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), redo, -1);sep = gtk_separator_tool_item_new();gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), sep, -1);exit = gtk_tool_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_QUIT);gtk_toolbar_insert(GTK_TOOLBAR(toolbar), exit, -1);gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(vbox), toolbar, FALSE, FALSE, 0);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(undo), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(undo_redo), redo);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(redo), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(undo_redo), undo);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(exit), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL);gtk_widget_show_all(window);gtk_main();return 0;
}
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